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This section lists the different ways to set up and run Kubernetes. When you install Kubernetes, choose an installation type based on: ease of maintenance, security, control, available resources, and expertise required to operate and manage a cluster. You can [download Kubernetes](/releases/download/) to deploy a Kubernetes cluster on a local machine, into the cloud, or for your own datacenter. Several [Kubernetes components](/docs/concepts/overview/components/) such as {{< glossary\_tooltip text="kube-apiserver" term\_id="kube-apiserver" >}} or {{< glossary\_tooltip text="kube-proxy" term\_id="kube-proxy" >}} can also be deployed as [container images](/releases/download/#container-images) within the cluster. It is \*\*recommended\*\* to run Kubernetes components as container images wherever that is possible, and to have Kubernetes manage those components. Components that run containers - notably, the kubelet - can't be included in this category. If you don't want to manage a Kubernetes cluster yourself, you could pick a managed service, including [certified platforms](/docs/setup/production-environment/turnkey-solutions/). There are also other standardized and custom solutions across a wide range of cloud and bare metal environments. ## Learning environment If you're learning Kubernetes, use the tools supported by the Kubernetes community, or tools in the ecosystem to set up a Kubernetes cluster on a local machine. See [Install tools](/docs/tasks/tools/). ## Production environment When evaluating a solution for a [production environment](/docs/setup/production-environment/), consider which aspects of operating a Kubernetes cluster (or \_abstractions\_) you want to manage yourself and which you prefer to hand off to a provider. For a cluster you're managing yourself, the officially supported tool for deploying Kubernetes is [kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/). ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} - [Download Kubernetes](/releases/download/) - Download and [install tools](/docs/tasks/tools/) including `kubectl` - Select a [container runtime](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/) for your new cluster - Learn about [best practices](/docs/setup/best-practices/) for cluster setup Kubernetes is designed for its {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="control-plane" text="control plane" >}} to run on Linux. Within your cluster you can run applications on Linux or other operating systems, including Windows. - Learn to [set up clusters with Windows nodes](/docs/concepts/windows/)
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This page provides a list of Kubernetes certified solution providers. From each provider page, you can learn how to install and setup production ready clusters. {{< cncf-landscape helpers=true category="platform--certified-kubernetes-hosted" >}}
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0.217799
{{% dockershim-removal %}} You need to install a {{< glossary\_tooltip text="container runtime" term\_id="container-runtime" >}} into each node in the cluster so that Pods can run there. This page outlines what is involved and describes related tasks for setting up nodes. Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}} requires that you use a runtime that conforms with the {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="cri" text="Container Runtime Interface">}} (CRI). See [CRI version support](#cri-versions) for more information. This page provides an outline of how to use several common container runtimes with Kubernetes. - [containerd](#containerd) - [CRI-O](#cri-o) - [Docker Engine](#docker) - [Mirantis Container Runtime](#mcr) {{< note >}} Kubernetes releases before v1.24 included a direct integration with Docker Engine, using a component named \_dockershim\_. That special direct integration is no longer part of Kubernetes (this removal was [announced](/blog/2020/12/08/kubernetes-1-20-release-announcement/#dockershim-deprecation) as part of the v1.20 release). You can read [Check whether Dockershim removal affects you](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/migrating-from-dockershim/check-if-dockershim-removal-affects-you/) to understand how this removal might affect you. To learn about migrating from using dockershim, see [Migrating from dockershim](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/migrating-from-dockershim/). If you are running a version of Kubernetes other than v{{< skew currentVersion >}}, check the documentation for that version. {{< /note >}} ## Install and configure prerequisites ### Network configuration By default, the Linux kernel does not allow IPv4 packets to be routed between interfaces. Most Kubernetes cluster networking implementations will change this setting (if needed), but some might expect the administrator to do it for them. (Some might also expect other sysctl parameters to be set, kernel modules to be loaded, etc; consult the documentation for your specific network implementation.) ### Enable IPv4 packet forwarding {#prerequisite-ipv4-forwarding-optional} To manually enable IPv4 packet forwarding: ```bash # sysctl params required by setup, params persist across reboots cat <}} are used to constrain resources that are allocated to processes. Both the {{< glossary\_tooltip text="kubelet" term\_id="kubelet" >}} and the underlying container runtime need to interface with control groups to enforce [resource management for pods and containers](/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/) and set resources such as cpu/memory requests and limits. To interface with control groups, the kubelet and the container runtime need to use a \*cgroup driver\*. It's critical that the kubelet and the container runtime use the same cgroup driver and are configured the same. There are two cgroup drivers available: \* [`cgroupfs`](#cgroupfs-cgroup-driver) \* [`systemd`](#systemd-cgroup-driver) ### cgroupfs driver {#cgroupfs-cgroup-driver} The `cgroupfs` driver is the [default cgroup driver in the kubelet](/docs/reference/config-api/kubelet-config.v1beta1). When the `cgroupfs` driver is used, the kubelet and the container runtime directly interface with the cgroup filesystem to configure cgroups. The `cgroupfs` driver is \*\*not\*\* recommended when [systemd](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/) is the init system because systemd expects a single cgroup manager on the system. Additionally, if you use [cgroup v2](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups), use the `systemd` cgroup driver instead of `cgroupfs`. ### systemd cgroup driver {#systemd-cgroup-driver} When [systemd](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/) is chosen as the init system for a Linux distribution, the init process generates and consumes a root control group (`cgroup`) and acts as a cgroup manager. systemd has a tight integration with cgroups and allocates a cgroup per systemd unit. As a result, if you use `systemd` as the init
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0.206223
chosen as the init system for a Linux distribution, the init process generates and consumes a root control group (`cgroup`) and acts as a cgroup manager. systemd has a tight integration with cgroups and allocates a cgroup per systemd unit. As a result, if you use `systemd` as the init system with the `cgroupfs` driver, the system gets two different cgroup managers. Two cgroup managers result in two views of the available and in-use resources in the system. In some cases, nodes that are configured to use `cgroupfs` for the kubelet and container runtime, but use `systemd` for the rest of the processes become unstable under resource pressure. The approach to mitigate this instability is to use `systemd` as the cgroup driver for the kubelet and the container runtime when systemd is the selected init system. To set `systemd` as the cgroup driver, edit the [`KubeletConfiguration`](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/) option of `cgroupDriver` and set it to `systemd`. For example: ```yaml apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: KubeletConfiguration ... cgroupDriver: systemd ``` {{< note >}} Starting with v1.22 and later, when creating a cluster with kubeadm, if the user does not set the `cgroupDriver` field under `KubeletConfiguration`, kubeadm defaults it to `systemd`. {{< /note >}} If you configure `systemd` as the cgroup driver for the kubelet, you must also configure `systemd` as the cgroup driver for the container runtime. Refer to the documentation for your container runtime for instructions. For example: \* [containerd](#containerd-systemd) \* [CRI-O](#cri-o) In Kubernetes {{< skew currentVersion >}}, with the `KubeletCgroupDriverFromCRI` [feature gate](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/feature-gates/) enabled and a container runtime that supports the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC, the kubelet automatically detects the appropriate cgroup driver from the runtime, and ignores the `cgroupDriver` setting within the kubelet configuration. However, older versions of container runtimes (specifically, containerd 1.y and below) do not support the `RuntimeConfig` CRI RPC, and may not respond correctly to this query, and thus the Kubelet falls back to using the value in its own `--cgroup-driver` flag. In Kubernetes 1.36, this fallback behavior will be dropped, and older versions of containerd will fail with newer kubelets. {{< caution >}} Changing the cgroup driver of a Node that has joined a cluster is a sensitive operation. If the kubelet has created Pods using the semantics of one cgroup driver, changing the container runtime to another cgroup driver can cause errors when trying to re-create the Pod sandbox for such existing Pods. Restarting the kubelet may not solve such errors. If you have automation that makes it feasible, replace the node with another using the updated configuration, or reinstall it using automation. {{< /caution >}} ### Migrating to the `systemd` driver in kubeadm managed clusters If you wish to migrate to the `systemd` cgroup driver in existing kubeadm managed clusters, follow [configuring a cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/). ## CRI version support {#cri-versions} Your container runtime must support at least v1alpha2 of the container runtime interface. Kubernetes [starting v1.26](/blog/2022/11/18/upcoming-changes-in-kubernetes-1-26/#cri-api-removal) \_only works\_ with v1 of the CRI API. Earlier versions default to v1 version, however if a container runtime does not support
null
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0.062644
managed clusters, follow [configuring a cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/). ## CRI version support {#cri-versions} Your container runtime must support at least v1alpha2 of the container runtime interface. Kubernetes [starting v1.26](/blog/2022/11/18/upcoming-changes-in-kubernetes-1-26/#cri-api-removal) \_only works\_ with v1 of the CRI API. Earlier versions default to v1 version, however if a container runtime does not support the v1 API, the kubelet falls back to using the (deprecated) v1alpha2 API instead. ## Container runtimes {{% thirdparty-content %}} ### containerd This section outlines the necessary steps to use containerd as CRI runtime. To install containerd on your system, follow the instructions on [getting started with containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md). Return to this step once you've created a valid `config.toml` configuration file. {{< tabs name="Finding your config.toml file" >}} {{% tab name="Linux" %}} You can find this file under the path `/etc/containerd/config.toml`. {{% /tab %}} {{% tab name="Windows" %}} You can find this file under the path `C:\Program Files\containerd\config.toml`. {{% /tab %}} {{< /tabs >}} On Linux the default CRI socket for containerd is `/run/containerd/containerd.sock`. On Windows the default CRI endpoint is `npipe://./pipe/containerd-containerd`. #### Configuring the `systemd` cgroup driver {#containerd-systemd} To use the `systemd` cgroup driver in `/etc/containerd/config.toml` with `runc`, set the following config based on your Containerd version Containerd versions 1.x: ``` [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc] ... [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options] SystemdCgroup = true ``` Containerd versions 2.x: ``` [plugins.'io.containerd.cri.v1.runtime'.containerd.runtimes.runc] ... [plugins.'io.containerd.cri.v1.runtime'.containerd.runtimes.runc.options] SystemdCgroup = true ``` The `systemd` cgroup driver is recommended if you use [cgroup v2](/docs/concepts/architecture/cgroups). {{< note >}} If you installed containerd from a package (for example, RPM or `.deb`), you may find that the CRI integration plugin is disabled by default. You need CRI support enabled to use containerd with Kubernetes. Make sure that `cri` is not included in the`disabled\_plugins` list within `/etc/containerd/config.toml`; if you made changes to that file, also restart `containerd`. If you experience container crash loops after the initial cluster installation or after installing a CNI, the containerd configuration provided with the package might contain incompatible configuration parameters. Consider resetting the containerd configuration with `containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml` as specified in [getting-started.md](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md#advanced-topics) and then set the configuration parameters specified above accordingly. {{< /note >}} If you apply this change, make sure to restart containerd: ```shell sudo systemctl restart containerd ``` When using kubeadm, manually configure the [cgroup driver for kubelet](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/#configuring-the-kubelet-cgroup-driver). In Kubernetes v1.28, you can enable automatic detection of the cgroup driver as an alpha feature. See [systemd cgroup driver](#systemd-cgroup-driver) for more details. #### Overriding the sandbox (pause) image {#override-pause-image-containerd} In your [containerd config](https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/cri/config.md) you can overwrite the sandbox image by setting the following config: ```toml [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"] sandbox\_image = "registry.k8s.io/pause:3.10" ``` You might need to restart `containerd` as well once you've updated the config file: `systemctl restart containerd`. ### CRI-O This section contains the necessary steps to install CRI-O as a container runtime. To install CRI-O, follow [CRI-O Install Instructions](https://github.com/cri-o/packaging/blob/main/README.md#usage). #### cgroup driver CRI-O uses the systemd cgroup driver per default, which is likely to work fine for you. To switch to the `cgroupfs` cgroup driver, either edit `/etc/crio/crio.conf` or place a drop-in configuration in `/etc/crio/crio.conf.d/02-cgroup-manager.conf`, for example: ```toml [crio.runtime]
null
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0.118159
a container runtime. To install CRI-O, follow [CRI-O Install Instructions](https://github.com/cri-o/packaging/blob/main/README.md#usage). #### cgroup driver CRI-O uses the systemd cgroup driver per default, which is likely to work fine for you. To switch to the `cgroupfs` cgroup driver, either edit `/etc/crio/crio.conf` or place a drop-in configuration in `/etc/crio/crio.conf.d/02-cgroup-manager.conf`, for example: ```toml [crio.runtime] conmon\_cgroup = "pod" cgroup\_manager = "cgroupfs" ``` You should also note the changed `conmon\_cgroup`, which has to be set to the value `pod` when using CRI-O with `cgroupfs`. It is generally necessary to keep the cgroup driver configuration of the kubelet (usually done via kubeadm) and CRI-O in sync. In Kubernetes v1.28, you can enable automatic detection of the cgroup driver as an alpha feature. See [systemd cgroup driver](#systemd-cgroup-driver) for more details. For CRI-O, the CRI socket is `/var/run/crio/crio.sock` by default. #### Overriding the sandbox (pause) image {#override-pause-image-cri-o} In your [CRI-O config](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/blob/main/docs/crio.conf.5.md) you can set the following config value: ```toml [crio.image] pause\_image="registry.k8s.io/pause:3.10" ``` This config option supports live configuration reload to apply this change: `systemctl reload crio` or by sending `SIGHUP` to the `crio` process. ### Docker Engine {#docker} {{< note >}} These instructions assume that you are using the [`cri-dockerd`](https://mirantis.github.io/cri-dockerd/) adapter to integrate Docker Engine with Kubernetes. {{< /note >}} 1. On each of your nodes, install Docker for your Linux distribution as per [Install Docker Engine](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/#server). 2. Install [`cri-dockerd`](https://mirantis.github.io/cri-dockerd/usage/install), following the directions in the install section of the documentation. For `cri-dockerd`, the CRI socket is `/run/cri-dockerd.sock` by default. ### Mirantis Container Runtime {#mcr} [Mirantis Container Runtime](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/25.0/overview.html) (MCR) is a commercially available container runtime that was formerly known as Docker Enterprise Edition. You can use Mirantis Container Runtime with Kubernetes using the open source [`cri-dockerd`](https://mirantis.github.io/cri-dockerd/) component, included with MCR. To learn more about how to install Mirantis Container Runtime, visit [MCR Deployment Guide](https://docs.mirantis.com/mcr/25.0/install.html). Check the systemd unit named `cri-docker.socket` to find out the path to the CRI socket. #### Overriding the sandbox (pause) image {#override-pause-image-cri-dockerd-mcr} The `cri-dockerd` adapter accepts a command line argument for specifying which container image to use as the Pod infrastructure container (β€œpause image”). The command line argument to use is `--pod-infra-container-image`. ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} As well as a container runtime, your cluster will need a working [network plugin](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/#how-to-implement-the-kubernetes-network-model).
null
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0.098556
A production-quality Kubernetes cluster requires planning and preparation. If your Kubernetes cluster is to run critical workloads, it must be configured to be resilient. This page explains steps you can take to set up a production-ready cluster, or to promote an existing cluster for production use. If you're already familiar with production setup and want the links, skip to [What's next](#what-s-next). ## Production considerations Typically, a production Kubernetes cluster environment has more requirements than a personal learning, development, or test environment Kubernetes. A production environment may require secure access by many users, consistent availability, and the resources to adapt to changing demands. As you decide where you want your production Kubernetes environment to live (on premises or in a cloud) and the amount of management you want to take on or hand to others, consider how your requirements for a Kubernetes cluster are influenced by the following issues: - \*Availability\*: A single-machine Kubernetes [learning environment](/docs/setup/#learning-environment) has a single point of failure. Creating a highly available cluster means considering: - Separating the control plane from the worker nodes. - Replicating the control plane components on multiple nodes. - Load balancing traffic to the cluster’s {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="kube-apiserver" text="API server" >}}. - Having enough worker nodes available, or able to quickly become available, as changing workloads warrant it. - \*Scale\*: If you expect your production Kubernetes environment to receive a stable amount of demand, you might be able to set up for the capacity you need and be done. However, if you expect demand to grow over time or change dramatically based on things like season or special events, you need to plan how to scale to relieve increased pressure from more requests to the control plane and worker nodes or scale down to reduce unused resources. - \*Security and access management\*: You have full admin privileges on your own Kubernetes learning cluster. But shared clusters with important workloads, and more than one or two users, require a more refined approach to who and what can access cluster resources. You can use role-based access control ([RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/)) and other security mechanisms to make sure that users and workloads can get access to the resources they need, while keeping workloads, and the cluster itself, secure. You can set limits on the resources that users and workloads can access by managing [policies](/docs/concepts/policy/) and [container resources](/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/). Before building a Kubernetes production environment on your own, consider handing off some or all of this job to [Turnkey Cloud Solutions](/docs/setup/production-environment/turnkey-solutions/) providers or other [Kubernetes Partners](/partners/). Options include: - \*Serverless\*: Just run workloads on third-party equipment without managing a cluster at all. You will be charged for things like CPU usage, memory, and disk requests. - \*Managed control plane\*: Let the provider manage the scale and availability of the cluster's control plane, as well as handle patches and upgrades. - \*Managed worker nodes\*: Configure pools of nodes to meet your needs, then the provider makes sure those nodes are available and ready to implement upgrades when needed. - \*Integration\*:
null
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0.093693
Let the provider manage the scale and availability of the cluster's control plane, as well as handle patches and upgrades. - \*Managed worker nodes\*: Configure pools of nodes to meet your needs, then the provider makes sure those nodes are available and ready to implement upgrades when needed. - \*Integration\*: There are providers that integrate Kubernetes with other services you may need, such as storage, container registries, authentication methods, and development tools. Whether you build a production Kubernetes cluster yourself or work with partners, review the following sections to evaluate your needs as they relate to your cluster’s \*control plane\*, \*worker nodes\*, \*user access\*, and \*workload resources\*. ## Production cluster setup In a production-quality Kubernetes cluster, the control plane manages the cluster from services that can be spread across multiple computers in different ways. Each worker node, however, represents a single entity that is configured to run Kubernetes pods. ### Production control plane The simplest Kubernetes cluster has the entire control plane and worker node services running on the same machine. You can grow that environment by adding worker nodes, as reflected in the diagram illustrated in [Kubernetes Components](/docs/concepts/overview/components/). If the cluster is meant to be available for a short period of time, or can be discarded if something goes seriously wrong, this might meet your needs. If you need a more permanent, highly available cluster, however, you should consider ways of extending the control plane. By design, one-machine control plane services running on a single machine are not highly available. If keeping the cluster up and running and ensuring that it can be repaired if something goes wrong is important, consider these steps: - \*Choose deployment tools\*: You can deploy a control plane using tools such as kubeadm, kops, and kubespray. See [Installing Kubernetes with deployment tools](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/) to learn tips for production-quality deployments using each of those deployment methods. Different [Container Runtimes](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/) are available to use with your deployments. - \*Manage certificates\*: Secure communications between control plane services are implemented using certificates. Certificates are automatically generated during deployment or you can generate them using your own certificate authority. See [PKI certificates and requirements](/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/) for details. - \*Configure load balancer for apiserver\*: Configure a load balancer to distribute external API requests to the apiserver service instances running on different nodes. See [Create an External Load Balancer](/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/create-external-load-balancer/) for details. - \*Separate and backup etcd service\*: The etcd services can either run on the same machines as other control plane services or run on separate machines, for extra security and availability. Because etcd stores cluster configuration data, backing up the etcd database should be done regularly to ensure that you can repair that database if needed. See the [etcd FAQ](https://etcd.io/docs/v3.5/faq/) for details on configuring and using etcd. See [Operating etcd clusters for Kubernetes](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/configure-upgrade-etcd/) and [Set up a High Availability etcd cluster with kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/setup-ha-etcd-with-kubeadm/) for details. - \*Create multiple control plane systems\*: For high availability, the control plane should not be limited to a single machine. If the control plane services are run
null
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0.076725
on configuring and using etcd. See [Operating etcd clusters for Kubernetes](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/configure-upgrade-etcd/) and [Set up a High Availability etcd cluster with kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/setup-ha-etcd-with-kubeadm/) for details. - \*Create multiple control plane systems\*: For high availability, the control plane should not be limited to a single machine. If the control plane services are run by an init service (such as systemd), each service should run on at least three machines. However, running control plane services as pods in Kubernetes ensures that the replicated number of services that you request will always be available. The scheduler should be fault tolerant, but not highly available. Some deployment tools set up [Raft](https://raft.github.io/) consensus algorithm to do leader election of Kubernetes services. If the primary goes away, another service elects itself and take over. - \*Span multiple zones\*: If keeping your cluster available at all times is critical, consider creating a cluster that runs across multiple data centers, referred to as zones in cloud environments. Groups of zones are referred to as regions. By spreading a cluster across multiple zones in the same region, it can improve the chances that your cluster will continue to function even if one zone becomes unavailable. See [Running in multiple zones](/docs/setup/best-practices/multiple-zones/) for details. - \*Manage on-going features\*: If you plan to keep your cluster over time, there are tasks you need to do to maintain its health and security. For example, if you installed with kubeadm, there are instructions to help you with [Certificate Management](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/kubeadm-certs/) and [Upgrading kubeadm clusters](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/kubeadm-upgrade/). See [Administer a Cluster](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/) for a longer list of Kubernetes administrative tasks. To learn about available options when you run control plane services, see [kube-apiserver](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-apiserver/), [kube-controller-manager](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-controller-manager/), and [kube-scheduler](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-scheduler/) component pages. For highly available control plane examples, see [Options for Highly Available topology](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/ha-topology/), [Creating Highly Available clusters with kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/high-availability/), and [Operating etcd clusters for Kubernetes](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/configure-upgrade-etcd/). See [Backing up an etcd cluster](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/configure-upgrade-etcd/#backing-up-an-etcd-cluster) for information on making an etcd backup plan. ### Production worker nodes Production-quality workloads need to be resilient and anything they rely on needs to be resilient (such as CoreDNS). Whether you manage your own control plane or have a cloud provider do it for you, you still need to consider how you want to manage your worker nodes (also referred to simply as \*nodes\*). - \*Configure nodes\*: Nodes can be physical or virtual machines. If you want to create and manage your own nodes, you can install a supported operating system, then add and run the appropriate [Node services](/docs/concepts/architecture/#node-components). Consider: - The demands of your workloads when you set up nodes by having appropriate memory, CPU, and disk speed and storage capacity available. - Whether generic computer systems will do or you have workloads that need GPU processors, Windows nodes, or VM isolation. - \*Validate nodes\*: See [Valid node setup](/docs/setup/best-practices/node-conformance/) for information on how to ensure that a node meets the requirements to join a Kubernetes cluster. - \*Add nodes to the cluster\*: If you are managing your own cluster you can add nodes by setting up your own machines and either
null
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0.052322
isolation. - \*Validate nodes\*: See [Valid node setup](/docs/setup/best-practices/node-conformance/) for information on how to ensure that a node meets the requirements to join a Kubernetes cluster. - \*Add nodes to the cluster\*: If you are managing your own cluster you can add nodes by setting up your own machines and either adding them manually or having them register themselves to the cluster’s apiserver. See the [Nodes](/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/) section for information on how to set up Kubernetes to add nodes in these ways. - \*Scale nodes\*: Have a plan for expanding the capacity your cluster will eventually need. See [Considerations for large clusters](/docs/setup/best-practices/cluster-large/) to help determine how many nodes you need, based on the number of pods and containers you need to run. If you are managing nodes yourself, this can mean purchasing and installing your own physical equipment. - \*Autoscale nodes\*: Read [Node Autoscaling](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/node-autoscaling) to learn about the tools available to automatically manage your nodes and the capacity they provide. - \*Set up node health checks\*: For important workloads, you want to make sure that the nodes and pods running on those nodes are healthy. Using the [Node Problem Detector](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/monitor-node-health/) daemon, you can ensure your nodes are healthy. ## Production user management In production, you may be moving from a model where you or a small group of people are accessing the cluster to where there may potentially be dozens or hundreds of people. In a learning environment or platform prototype, you might have a single administrative account for everything you do. In production, you will want more accounts with different levels of access to different namespaces. Taking on a production-quality cluster means deciding how you want to selectively allow access by other users. In particular, you need to select strategies for validating the identities of those who try to access your cluster (authentication) and deciding if they have permissions to do what they are asking (authorization): - \*Authentication\*: The apiserver can authenticate users using client certificates, bearer tokens, an authenticating proxy, or HTTP basic auth. You can choose which authentication methods you want to use. Using plugins, the apiserver can leverage your organization’s existing authentication methods, such as LDAP or Kerberos. See [Authentication](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) for a description of these different methods of authenticating Kubernetes users. - \*Authorization\*: When you set out to authorize your regular users, you will probably choose between RBAC and ABAC authorization. See [Authorization Overview](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) to review different modes for authorizing user accounts (as well as service account access to your cluster): - \*Role-based access control\* ([RBAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/)): Lets you assign access to your cluster by allowing specific sets of permissions to authenticated users. Permissions can be assigned for a specific namespace (Role) or across the entire cluster (ClusterRole). Then using RoleBindings and ClusterRoleBindings, those permissions can be attached to particular users. - \*Attribute-based access control\* ([ABAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/)): Lets you create policies based on resource attributes in the cluster and will allow or deny access based on those attributes. Each line of a policy file identifies versioning properties (apiVersion and kind)
null
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0.111749
using RoleBindings and ClusterRoleBindings, those permissions can be attached to particular users. - \*Attribute-based access control\* ([ABAC](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/)): Lets you create policies based on resource attributes in the cluster and will allow or deny access based on those attributes. Each line of a policy file identifies versioning properties (apiVersion and kind) and a map of spec properties to match the subject (user or group), resource property, non-resource property (/version or /apis), and readonly. See [Examples](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/#examples) for details. As someone setting up authentication and authorization on your production Kubernetes cluster, here are some things to consider: - \*Set the authorization mode\*: When the Kubernetes API server ([kube-apiserver](/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-apiserver/)) starts, supported authorization modes must be set using an \*--authorization-config\* file or the \*--authorization-mode\* flag. For example, that flag in the \*kube-adminserver.yaml\* file (in \*/etc/kubernetes/manifests\*) could be set to Node,RBAC. This would allow Node and RBAC authorization for authenticated requests. - \*Create user certificates and role bindings (RBAC)\*: If you are using RBAC authorization, users can create a CertificateSigningRequest (CSR) that can be signed by the cluster CA. Then you can bind Roles and ClusterRoles to each user. See [Certificate Signing Requests](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/certificate-signing-requests/) for details. - \*Create policies that combine attributes (ABAC)\*: If you are using ABAC authorization, you can assign combinations of attributes to form policies to authorize selected users or groups to access particular resources (such as a pod), namespace, or apiGroup. For more information, see [Examples](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/#examples). - \*Consider Admission Controllers\*: Additional forms of authorization for requests that can come in through the API server include [Webhook Token Authentication](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#webhook-token-authentication). Webhooks and other special authorization types need to be enabled by adding [Admission Controllers](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/) to the API server. ## Set limits on workload resources Demands from production workloads can cause pressure both inside and outside of the Kubernetes control plane. Consider these items when setting up for the needs of your cluster's workloads: - \*Set namespace limits\*: Set per-namespace quotas on things like memory and CPU. See [Manage Memory, CPU, and API Resources](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/manage-resources/) for details. - \*Prepare for DNS demand\*: If you expect workloads to massively scale up, your DNS service must be ready to scale up as well. See [Autoscale the DNS service in a Cluster](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-horizontal-autoscaling/). - \*Create additional service accounts\*: User accounts determine what users can do on a cluster, while a service account defines pod access within a particular namespace. By default, a pod takes on the default service account from its namespace. See [Managing Service Accounts](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/service-accounts-admin/) for information on creating a new service account. For example, you might want to: - Add secrets that a pod could use to pull images from a particular container registry. See [Configure Service Accounts for Pods](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/) for an example. - Assign RBAC permissions to a service account. See [ServiceAccount permissions](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/#service-account-permissions) for details. ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} - Decide if you want to build your own production Kubernetes or obtain one from available [Turnkey Cloud Solutions](/docs/setup/production-environment/turnkey-solutions/) or [Kubernetes Partners](/partners/). - If you choose to build your own cluster, plan how you want to handle [certificates](/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/)
null
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0.121756
service account. See [ServiceAccount permissions](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/#service-account-permissions) for details. ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} - Decide if you want to build your own production Kubernetes or obtain one from available [Turnkey Cloud Solutions](/docs/setup/production-environment/turnkey-solutions/) or [Kubernetes Partners](/partners/). - If you choose to build your own cluster, plan how you want to handle [certificates](/docs/setup/best-practices/certificates/) and set up high availability for features such as [etcd](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/setup-ha-etcd-with-kubeadm/) and the [API server](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/ha-topology/). - Choose from [kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/), [kops](https://kops.sigs.k8s.io/) or [Kubespray](https://kubespray.io/) deployment methods. - Configure user management by determining your [Authentication](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/) and [Authorization](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/) methods. - Prepare for application workloads by setting up [resource limits](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/manage-resources/), [DNS autoscaling](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/dns-horizontal-autoscaling/) and [service accounts](/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/service-accounts-admin/).
null
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0.150974
There are many methods and tools for setting up your own production Kubernetes cluster. For example: - [kubeadm](/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/) - [Cluster API](https://cluster-api.sigs.k8s.io/): A Kubernetes sub-project focused on providing declarative APIs and tooling to simplify provisioning, upgrading, and operating multiple Kubernetes clusters. - [kops](https://kops.sigs.k8s.io/): An automated cluster provisioning tool. For tutorials, best practices, configuration options and information on reaching out to the community, please check the [`kOps` website](https://kops.sigs.k8s.io/) for details. - [kubespray](https://kubespray.io/): A composition of [Ansible](https://docs.ansible.com/) playbooks, [inventory](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/ansible/inventory.md), provisioning tools, and domain knowledge for generic OS/Kubernetes clusters configuration management tasks. You can reach out to the community on Slack channel [#kubespray](https://kubernetes.slack.com/messages/kubespray/).
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0.175136
As with any program, you might run into an error installing or running kubeadm. This page lists some common failure scenarios and have provided steps that can help you understand and fix the problem. If your problem is not listed below, please follow the following steps: - If you think your problem is a bug with kubeadm: - Go to [github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues) and search for existing issues. - If no issue exists, please [open one](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues/new) and follow the issue template. - If you are unsure about how kubeadm works, you can ask on [Slack](https://slack.k8s.io/) in `#kubeadm`, or open a question on [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/kubernetes). Please include relevant tags like `#kubernetes` and `#kubeadm` so folks can help you. ## Not possible to join a v1.18 Node to a v1.17 cluster due to missing RBAC In v1.18 kubeadm added prevention for joining a Node in the cluster if a Node with the same name already exists. This required adding RBAC for the bootstrap-token user to be able to GET a Node object. However this causes an issue where `kubeadm join` from v1.18 cannot join a cluster created by kubeadm v1.17. To workaround the issue you have two options: Execute `kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token` on a control-plane node using kubeadm v1.18. Note that this enables the rest of the bootstrap-token permissions as well. or Apply the following RBAC manually using `kubectl apply -f ...`: ```yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: kubeadm:get-nodes rules: - apiGroups: - "" resources: - nodes verbs: - get --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: kubeadm:get-nodes roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: kubeadm:get-nodes subjects: - apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: Group name: system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token ``` ## `ebtables` or some similar executable not found during installation If you see the following warnings while running `kubeadm init` ```console [preflight] WARNING: ebtables not found in system path [preflight] WARNING: ethtool not found in system path ``` Then you may be missing `ebtables`, `ethtool` or a similar executable on your node. You can install them with the following commands: - For Ubuntu/Debian users, run `apt install ebtables ethtool`. - For CentOS/Fedora users, run `yum install ebtables ethtool`. ## kubeadm blocks waiting for control plane during installation If you notice that `kubeadm init` hangs after printing out the following line: ```console [apiclient] Created API client, waiting for the control plane to become ready ``` This may be caused by a number of problems. The most common are: - network connection problems. Check that your machine has full network connectivity before continuing. - the cgroup driver of the container runtime differs from that of the kubelet. To understand how to configure it properly, see [Configuring a cgroup driver](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/configure-cgroup-driver/). - control plane containers are crashlooping or hanging. You can check this by running `docker ps` and investigating each container by running `docker logs`. For other container runtime, see [Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictl](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/crictl/). ## kubeadm blocks when removing managed containers The following could happen if the container runtime halts and does not remove any Kubernetes-managed containers: ```shell sudo kubeadm reset ```
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0.172663
by running `docker ps` and investigating each container by running `docker logs`. For other container runtime, see [Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictl](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/crictl/). ## kubeadm blocks when removing managed containers The following could happen if the container runtime halts and does not remove any Kubernetes-managed containers: ```shell sudo kubeadm reset ``` ```console [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [reset] Stopping the kubelet service [reset] Unmounting mounted directories in "/var/lib/kubelet" [reset] Removing kubernetes-managed containers (block) ``` A possible solution is to restart the container runtime and then re-run `kubeadm reset`. You can also use `crictl` to debug the state of the container runtime. See [Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictl](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-cluster/crictl/). ## Pods in `RunContainerError`, `CrashLoopBackOff` or `Error` state Right after `kubeadm init` there should not be any pods in these states. - If there are pods in one of these states \_right after\_ `kubeadm init`, please open an issue in the kubeadm repo. `coredns` (or `kube-dns`) should be in the `Pending` state until you have deployed the network add-on. - If you see Pods in the `RunContainerError`, `CrashLoopBackOff` or `Error` state after deploying the network add-on and nothing happens to `coredns` (or `kube-dns`), it's very likely that the Pod Network add-on that you installed is somehow broken. You might have to grant it more RBAC privileges or use a newer version. Please file an issue in the Pod Network providers' issue tracker and get the issue triaged there. ## `coredns` is stuck in the `Pending` state This is \*\*expected\*\* and part of the design. kubeadm is network provider-agnostic, so the admin should [install the pod network add-on](/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/) of choice. You have to install a Pod Network before CoreDNS may be deployed fully. Hence the `Pending` state before the network is set up. ## `HostPort` services do not work The `HostPort` and `HostIP` functionality is available depending on your Pod Network provider. Please contact the author of the Pod Network add-on to find out whether `HostPort` and `HostIP` functionality are available. Calico, Canal, and Flannel CNI providers are verified to support HostPort. For more information, see the [CNI portmap documentation](https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/blob/master/plugins/meta/portmap/README.md). If your network provider does not support the portmap CNI plugin, you may need to use the [NodePort feature of services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#type-nodeport) or use `HostNetwork=true`. ## Pods are not accessible via their Service IP - Many network add-ons do not yet enable [hairpin mode](/docs/tasks/debug/debug-application/debug-service/#a-pod-fails-to-reach-itself-via-the-service-ip) which allows pods to access themselves via their Service IP. This is an issue related to [CNI](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/issues/476). Please contact the network add-on provider to get the latest status of their support for hairpin mode. - If you are using VirtualBox (directly or via Vagrant), you will need to ensure that `hostname -i` returns a routable IP address. By default, the first interface is connected to a non-routable host-only network. A work around is to modify `/etc/hosts`, see this [Vagrantfile](https://github.com/errordeveloper/k8s-playground/blob/22dd39dfc06111235620e6c4404a96ae146f26fd/Vagrantfile#L11) for an example. ## TLS certificate errors The following error indicates a possible certificate mismatch. ```none # kubectl get pods Unable to connect to the server: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority (possibly because
null
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0.093477
connected to a non-routable host-only network. A work around is to modify `/etc/hosts`, see this [Vagrantfile](https://github.com/errordeveloper/k8s-playground/blob/22dd39dfc06111235620e6c4404a96ae146f26fd/Vagrantfile#L11) for an example. ## TLS certificate errors The following error indicates a possible certificate mismatch. ```none # kubectl get pods Unable to connect to the server: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority (possibly because of "crypto/rsa: verification error" while trying to verify candidate authority certificate "kubernetes") ``` - Verify that the `$HOME/.kube/config` file contains a valid certificate, and regenerate a certificate if necessary. The certificates in a kubeconfig file are base64 encoded. The `base64 --decode` command can be used to decode the certificate and `openssl x509 -text -noout` can be used for viewing the certificate information. - Unset the `KUBECONFIG` environment variable using: ```sh unset KUBECONFIG ``` Or set it to the default `KUBECONFIG` location: ```sh export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ``` - Another workaround is to overwrite the existing `kubeconfig` for the "admin" user: ```sh mv $HOME/.kube $HOME/.kube.bak mkdir $HOME/.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config ``` ## Kubelet client certificate rotation fails {#kubelet-client-cert} By default, kubeadm configures a kubelet with automatic rotation of client certificates by using the `/var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem` symlink specified in `/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf`. If this rotation process fails you might see errors such as `x509: certificate has expired or is not yet valid` in kube-apiserver logs. To fix the issue you must follow these steps: 1. Backup and delete `/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf` and `/var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client\*` from the failed node. 1. From a working control plane node in the cluster that has `/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key` execute `kubeadm kubeconfig user --org system:nodes --client-name system:node:$NODE > kubelet.conf`. `$NODE` must be set to the name of the existing failed node in the cluster. Modify the resulted `kubelet.conf` manually to adjust the cluster name and server endpoint, or pass `kubeconfig user --config` (see [Generating kubeconfig files for additional users](/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubeadm/kubeadm-certs/#kubeconfig-additional-users)). If your cluster does not have the `ca.key` you must sign the embedded certificates in the `kubelet.conf` externally. 1. Copy this resulted `kubelet.conf` to `/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf` on the failed node. 1. Restart the kubelet (`systemctl restart kubelet`) on the failed node and wait for `/var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem` to be recreated. 1. Manually edit the `kubelet.conf` to point to the rotated kubelet client certificates, by replacing `client-certificate-data` and `client-key-data` with: ```yaml client-certificate: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem client-key: /var/lib/kubelet/pki/kubelet-client-current.pem ``` 1. Restart the kubelet. 1. Make sure the node becomes `Ready`. ## Default NIC When using flannel as the pod network in Vagrant The following error might indicate that something was wrong in the pod network: ```sh Error from server (NotFound): the server could not find the requested resource ``` - If you're using flannel as the pod network inside Vagrant, then you will have to specify the default interface name for flannel. Vagrant typically assigns two interfaces to all VMs. The first, for which all hosts are assigned the IP address `10.0.2.15`, is for external traffic that gets NATed. This may lead to problems with flannel, which defaults to the first interface on a host. This leads to all hosts thinking they have the same public IP address.
null
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0.205732
all VMs. The first, for which all hosts are assigned the IP address `10.0.2.15`, is for external traffic that gets NATed. This may lead to problems with flannel, which defaults to the first interface on a host. This leads to all hosts thinking they have the same public IP address. To prevent this, pass the `--iface eth1` flag to flannel so that the second interface is chosen. ## Non-public IP used for containers In some situations `kubectl logs` and `kubectl run` commands may return with the following errors in an otherwise functional cluster: ```console Error from server: Get https://10.19.0.41:10250/containerLogs/default/mysql-ddc65b868-glc5m/mysql: dial tcp 10.19.0.41:10250: getsockopt: no route to host ``` - This may be due to Kubernetes using an IP that can not communicate with other IPs on the seemingly same subnet, possibly by policy of the machine provider. - DigitalOcean assigns a public IP to `eth0` as well as a private one to be used internally as anchor for their floating IP feature, yet `kubelet` will pick the latter as the node's `InternalIP` instead of the public one. Use `ip addr show` to check for this scenario instead of `ifconfig` because `ifconfig` will not display the offending alias IP address. Alternatively an API endpoint specific to DigitalOcean allows to query for the anchor IP from the droplet: ```sh curl http://169.254.169.254/metadata/v1/interfaces/public/0/anchor\_ipv4/address ``` The workaround is to tell `kubelet` which IP to use using `--node-ip`. When using DigitalOcean, it can be the public one (assigned to `eth0`) or the private one (assigned to `eth1`) should you want to use the optional private network. The `kubeletExtraArgs` section of the kubeadm [`NodeRegistrationOptions` structure](/docs/reference/config-api/kubeadm-config.v1beta4/#kubeadm-k8s-io-v1beta4-NodeRegistrationOptions) can be used for this. Then restart `kubelet`: ```sh systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart kubelet ``` ## `coredns` pods have `CrashLoopBackOff` or `Error` state If you have nodes that are running SELinux with an older version of Docker, you might experience a scenario where the `coredns` pods are not starting. To solve that, you can try one of the following options: - Upgrade to a [newer version of Docker](/docs/setup/production-environment/container-runtimes/#docker). - [Disable SELinux](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red\_hat\_enterprise\_linux/6/html/security-enhanced\_linux/sect-security-enhanced\_linux-enabling\_and\_disabling\_selinux-disabling\_selinux). - Modify the `coredns` deployment to set `allowPrivilegeEscalation` to `true`: ```bash kubectl -n kube-system get deployment coredns -o yaml | \ sed 's/allowPrivilegeEscalation: false/allowPrivilegeEscalation: true/g' | \ kubectl apply -f - ``` Another cause for CoreDNS to have `CrashLoopBackOff` is when a CoreDNS Pod deployed in Kubernetes detects a loop. [A number of workarounds](https://github.com/coredns/coredns/tree/master/plugin/loop#troubleshooting-loops-in-kubernetes-clusters) are available to avoid Kubernetes trying to restart the CoreDNS Pod every time CoreDNS detects the loop and exits. {{< warning >}} Disabling SELinux or setting `allowPrivilegeEscalation` to `true` can compromise the security of your cluster. {{< /warning >}} ## etcd pods restart continually If you encounter the following error: ``` rpc error: code = 2 desc = oci runtime error: exec failed: container\_linux.go:247: starting container process caused "process\_linux.go:110: decoding init error from pipe caused \"read parent: connection reset by peer\"" ``` This issue appears if you run CentOS 7 with Docker 1.13.1.84. This version of Docker can prevent the kubelet from executing into the etcd container.
null
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0.125583
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Knowledge Base Documentation Dataset

A comprehensive, pre-processed and vectorized dataset containing documentation from 25+ popular open-source projects and cloud platforms, optimized for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) applications.

πŸ“Š Dataset Overview

This dataset aggregates technical documentation from leading open-source projects across cloud-native, DevOps, machine learning, and infrastructure domains. Each document has been chunked and embedded using the all-MiniLM-L6-v2 sentence transformer model.

Dataset ID: saidsef/knowledge-base-docs

🎯 Sources

The dataset includes documentation from the following projects:

Source Domain File Types
kubernetes Container Orchestration Markdown
terraform Infrastructure as Code MDX
kustomize Kubernetes Configuration Markdown
ingress-nginx Kubernetes Ingress Markdown
helm Package Management Markdown
external-secrets Secrets Management Markdown
prometheus Monitoring Markdown
argo-cd GitOps Markdown
istio Service Mesh Markdown
scikit-learn Machine Learning RST
cilium Networking & Security RST
redis In-Memory Database Markdown
grafana Observability Markdown
docker Containerization Markdown
linux Operating System RST
ckad-exercises Kubernetes Certification Markdown
aws-eks-best-practices AWS EKS Markdown
gcp-professional-services Google Cloud Markdown
external-dns DNS Management Markdown
google-kubernetes-engine GKE Markdown
consul Service Mesh Markdown
vault Secrets Management MDX
tekton CI/CD Markdown
model-context-protocol-mcp AI Context Protocol Markdown

πŸ“‹ Dataset Schema

Each row in the dataset contains the following fields:

Field Type Description
content string Chunked text content (500 words with 50-word overlap)
original_id int/float Reference to the original document ID
embeddings list[float] 384-dimensional embedding vector from all-MiniLM-L6-v2

πŸ”§ Dataset Creation Process

1. Data Collection

  • Shallow clone of 25+ GitHub repositories
  • Extraction of documentation files (.md, .mdx, .rst)

2. Content Processing

  • Removal of YAML frontmatter
  • Conversion to LLM-friendly markdown format
  • Stripping of scripts, styles, and media elements
  • Code block preservation with proper formatting

3. Text Chunking

  • Chunk size: 500 words
  • Overlap: 50 words
  • Ensures semantic continuity across chunks

4. Vectorization

  • Model: all-MiniLM-L6-v2
  • Embedding dimensions: 384
  • Normalization: Enabled for cosine similarity
  • Pre-computed embeddings for fast retrieval

5. Storage Format

  • Format: Apache Parquet
  • Compression: Optimized for query performance
  • File: knowledge_base.parquet

πŸ’» Usage Examples

Loading the Dataset

import pandas as pd
from datasets import load_dataset

# From Hugging Face Hub
dataset = load_dataset("saidsef/knowledge-base-docs")
df = dataset['train'].to_pandas()

# From local Parquet file
df = pd.read_parquet("knowledge_base.parquet", engine="pyarrow")

Semantic Search / RAG Implementation

import numpy as np
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Load the same model used for embedding
model = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2', trust_remote_code=True)

def retrieve(query, df, k=5):
    """Retrieve top-k most relevant documents using cosine similarity"""
    # Encode the query
    query_vec = model.encode(query, normalize_embeddings=True)
    
    # Convert embeddings to matrix
    embeddings_matrix = np.vstack(df['embeddings'].values)
    
    # Calculate cosine similarity
    norms = np.linalg.norm(embeddings_matrix, axis=1) * np.linalg.norm(query_vec)
    scores = np.dot(embeddings_matrix, query_vec) / norms
    
    # Add scores and sort
    df['score'] = scores
    return df.sort_values(by='score', ascending=False).head(k)

# Example query
results = retrieve("How do I configure an nginx ingress controller?", df, k=3)
print(results[['content', 'score']])

Building a RAG Pipeline

from transformers import pipeline

# Load a question-answering model
qa_pipeline = pipeline("question-answering", model="distilbert-base-cased-distilled-squad")

def rag_answer(question, df, k=3):
    """RAG: Retrieve relevant context and generate answer"""
    # Retrieve relevant documents
    context_rows = retrieve(question, df, k=k)
    context_text = " ".join(context_rows['content'].tolist())
    
    # Generate answer
    result = qa_pipeline(question=question, context=context_text)
    return result['answer'], context_rows

answer, sources = rag_answer("What is a Kubernetes pod?", df)
print(f"Answer: {answer}")

πŸ“ˆ Dataset Statistics

# Total chunks
print(f"Total chunks: {len(df)}")

# Average chunk length
df['chunk_length'] = df['content'].apply(lambda x: len(x.split()))
print(f"Average chunk length: {df['chunk_length'].mean():.0f} words")

# Embedding dimensionality
print(f"Embedding dimensions: {len(df['embeddings'].iloc[0])}")

πŸš€ Use Cases

  • RAG Applications: Build retrieval-augmented generation systems
  • Semantic Search: Find relevant documentation across multiple projects
  • Question Answering: Create technical support chatbots
  • Documentation Assistant: Help developers navigate complex documentation
  • Learning Resources: Train models on high-quality technical content
  • Comparative Analysis: Compare documentation approaches across projects

πŸ” Performance Considerations

  • Pre-computed embeddings: No need for runtime encoding
  • Optimized retrieval: Matrix multiplication for fast cosine similarity
  • Parquet format: Efficient storage and query performance
  • Chunk overlap: Better context preservation across boundaries

πŸ› οΈ Requirements

pandas>=2.0.0
numpy>=1.24.0
sentence-transformers>=2.0.0
pyarrow>=12.0.0
datasets>=2.0.0

πŸ“ License

This dataset is a compilation of documentation from various open-source projects. Each source maintains its original license:

  • Most projects use Apache 2.0 or MIT licenses
  • Refer to individual project repositories for specific licensing terms

🀝 Contributing

To add new sources or update existing documentation:

  1. Add the source configuration to the sites list
  2. Run the data collection pipeline
  3. Verify content processing and embedding quality
  4. Submit a pull request with updated dataset

πŸ“§ Contact

For questions, issues, or suggestions, please open an issue on the GitHub repository or contact the maintainer.

πŸ™ Acknowledgments

Special thanks to all the open-source projects that maintain excellent documentation, making this dataset possible.


Last Updated: December 2025
Version: 1.0
Embedding Model: all-MiniLM-L6-v2
Total Sources: 25+

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