human
PYTHON3 solution for "The new generation external memory contains an array of integers a[1 … n] = [a_1, a_2, …, a_n].

This type of memory does not support changing the value of an arbitrary element. Instead, it allows you to cut out any segment of the given array, cyclically shift (rotate) it by any offset and insert it back into the same place.

Technically, each cyclic shift consists of two consecutive actions: 

  1. You may select arbitrary indices l and r (1 ≤ l < r ≤ n) as the boundaries of the segment. 
  2. Then you replace the segment a[l … r] with it's cyclic shift to the left by an arbitrary offset d. The concept of a cyclic shift can be also explained by following relations: the sequence [1, 4, 1, 3] is a cyclic shift of the sequence [3, 1, 4, 1] to the left by the offset 1 and the sequence [4, 1, 3, 1] is a cyclic shift of the sequence [3, 1, 4, 1] to the left by the offset 2. 


For example, if a = [1, \color{blue}{3, 2, 8}, 5], then choosing l = 2, r = 4 and d = 2 yields a segment a[2 … 4] = [3, 2, 8]. This segment is then shifted by the offset d = 2 to the left, and you get a segment [8, 3, 2] which then takes the place of of the original elements of the segment. In the end you get a = [1, \color{blue}{8, 3, 2}, 5].

Sort the given array a using no more than n cyclic shifts of any of its segments. Note that you don't need to minimize the number of cyclic shifts. Any method that requires n or less cyclic shifts will be accepted.

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases.

The next 2t lines contain the descriptions of the test cases. 

The first line of each test case description contains an integer n (2 ≤ n ≤ 50) — the length of the array. The second line consists of space-separated elements of the array a_i (-10^9 ≤ a_i ≤ 10^9). Elements of array a may repeat and don't have to be unique.

Output

Print t answers to all input test cases. 

The first line of the answer of each test case should contain an integer k (0 ≤ k ≤ n) — the number of actions to sort the array....":
assistant
#Here is Python program to print t answers to all input test cases.
 import os
import sys
from io import BytesIO, IOBase

BUFSIZE = 8192

class FastIO(IOBase):
    newlines = 0

    def __init__(self, file):
        self._fd = file.fileno()
        self.buffer = BytesIO()
        self.writable = "x" in file.mode or "r" not in file.mode
        self.write = self.buffer.write if self.writable else None

    def read(self):
        while True:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, BUFSIZE))
            if not b:
                break
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines = 0
        return self.buffer.read()

    def readline(self):
        while self.newlines == 0:
            b = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, BUFSIZE))
            self.newlines = b.count(b"\n") + (not b)
            ptr = self.buffer.tell()
            self.buffer.seek(0, 2), self.buffer.write(b), self.buffer.seek(ptr)
        self.newlines -= 1
        return self.buffer.readline()

    def flush(self):
        if self.writable:
            os.write(self._fd, self.buffer.getvalue())
            self.buffer.truncate(0), self.buffer.seek(0)

class IOWrapper(IOBase):
    def __init__(self, file):
        self.buffer = FastIO(file)
        self.flush = self.buffer.flush
        self.writable = self.buffer.writable
        self.write = lambda s: self.buffer.write(s.encode("ascii"))
        self.read = lambda: self.buffer.read().decode("ascii")
        self.readline = lambda: self.buffer.readline().decode("ascii")

sys.stdin, sys.stdout = IOWrapper(sys.stdin), IOWrapper(sys.stdout)
input = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
##########################################################
from collections import Counter, defaultdict
import math
import heapq
import bisect
def nck(n, k):
    res = 1
    for i in range(1, k + 1):
        res = res * (n - i + 1) // i
    return res

for _ in range(int(input())):
    n=int(input())
    #n,k=map(int, input().split())
  ...