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s c h e d u l e i v ace limited and subsidiaries s u p p l e m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g r e i n s u r a n c e premiums earned for the years ended december 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008 (in millions of u.s. dollars, except for percentages) direct amount ceded to companies assumed from other companies net amount percentage of amount assumed to.
| For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages) | DirectAmount | Ceded To Other Companies | Assumed From Other Companies | Net Amount | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net |
| --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- |
| 2010 | $15,780 | $5,792 | $3,516 | $13,504 | 26% |
| 2009 | $15,415 | $5,943 | $3,768 | $13,240 | 28% |
| 2008 | $16,087 | $6,144 | $3,260 | $13,203 | 25% |
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Please answer the following questions with expressions if necessary.
what is the value of direct amount in 2010?
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15780
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what about the value of ceded to other companies?
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5792
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what is the ratio among these two?
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divide(15780, 5792)
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what is the net change among ceded and assumed amounts in 2010?
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subtract(5792, 3516)